Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions

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Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions

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Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions

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Discuss About The Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions?

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Introducation

Diabetes is likely to be the worst epidemic in human history. In the past, people used to underestimate it as a global public health issue, but now the world can no longer ignore it. With the general issues of diabetes, diabetes mellitus is the chronic condition that affects the endocrine system. The primary characteristic of this disease is the presence of high levels of glucose within the blood stream which occurs due to either low level of insulin or resistance (Bagchi & Sreejayan, 2012). Insulin is a type of a hormone that is produced by the buiness, and this hormone enters the bloodstream through specialized cells called beta cells to the (Bagchi & Sreejayan, 2012). There are three different types of diabetes.
One of them is diabetes type 1 which results from total lack of insulin. This diabetes is discoverable at childhood or during adolescent years. The study of (Rønningen, 2015) revealed that this diabetes has an autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. Nevertheless, the work also showed that a proper administration of insulin could stop this destruction.
The other type of diabetes known as diabetes type 2. According to (Psychoneuroimmunology, 2011), type 2 diabetes, is associated with low levels of insulin and obesity. The victim’s body produces low or no insulin which doesn’t completely work on lowering glucose level in the blood stream. The study work also explains that genetic factors can play a part in carrying diabetes type 2 to the offspring. In most cases, this research found that individuals whose parents had type two diabetes had three times chance of developing the same.
Lastly, there is gestational diabetes. This one happens when the body doesn’t use insulin efficiently. The study report by (American Diabetes Association, 2015) explains that gestational diabetes occurs in women during pregnancy times. Further, the study reveals that gestational diabetes does not rely on either previous diabetic history or genes. Besides, women who get gestational diabetes have higher chances of developing diabetes type 2. On the other hand, their babies may end up becoming obese when they grow up.

Diabetes Statistical Data in Florida
This paper will primarily rely on diabetes statistical data the state of Florida. Diabetes remains to be a severe health problem in the state of Florida. For instance, looking at Hillsborough County, their total population in 2013 counted to 1.292 million citizens. According to (CDC, 2013), in in Hillsborough County, there were 99,443 people that tested positive diabetes disease in 2013. By the look of the data between the year 2016, the deaths resulting from diabetes and its related complications counted to 302 individuals out of 100,000 people (Florida Department of Health, 2017). In particular, between 2012 and 2014, the data showed that about 34,405 people out of per 100,000 were hospitalized suffering from either diabetes or its related complications. That was the study of (Florida Department of Health, 2017).
In the same gap of between 2012 and 2014, the study reported diabetes amputation statistics counting to an estimate of 346 out of 100,000 individuals. Another point to note is that despite adequate education to the public, there is a notable overall upwards trend as people transition from pre-diabetes into diabetes. The study observed that the primary cause of this management development is mainly overweight issues, genetics, and noncompliance with exercise and a healthy diet plan. This study of (Florida Department of Health, 2017) recommended that Floridians must make necessary lifestyle changes.
Social and Culture Effects on Diabetes
Chronic diseases are closely linked to aspects of life like social and cultural backgrounds in the society. For example, some people believe that patients with type 2 diabetes have problems like high levels of stress which that affect even the way the deal with their friends. Such disease hypotheses cause these people to change their personalities, even to the extent of altering their self-identity. The work of (Watve, 2013) states that some hypothesis can even force patients to live in solitude.
On the other hand, there are also some cultural beliefs with hypotheses that influence the strategies laid out for the disease management. That is, different cultures have different beliefs concerning certain diabetes symptoms, causation, treatment and other outcomes. For instance, in a country like Florida where there are different groups of people, Hispanic cultural belief would be different from African-American beliefs. For instance, Indian-American people in Florida may still hold their perception that diabetes results from unconscionable eating of sweets (Gulati, & Misra, 2014). There are also other communities who believe that eating bitter herbs and vegetables can help in reducing blood sugar. All these hypotheses that may affect the disease management either positively or negatively. Following this, some studies suggest that there is a great need to understand the patient’s cultural beliefs and find out whether such beliefs conflict with biomedical science.

Diabetes Descriptive Epidemiologic Breakdown
As discussed above, problems within the endocrine system are the primary causes of diabetes. In particular, the body either develops a resistance to insulin or it doesn’t effectively use insulin. According to (American Diabetes Association, 2014), there are estimated costs of above 245 billion dollars that American people spent in the year 2012 on diagnosing diabetes. However, the study found that these costs rise due to other complications associated with diabetes. The research revealed that people with diabetes are also likely to experience other conditions like heart disease, kidney disease/failure, stroke, vision loss, amputations, in addition to deaths.
In the mentioned estimates, (American Diabetes Association, 2014) found that about 1.4 million people start diabetes diagnosis every year. Looking at the age of the victims, the CDC found that the most affected people in America are adults within 20 years old or older. The CDC data between 2010 and 2012 that between that out of the total population in America, 15.9 percent of the diabetic people were American Indians and 13.2 percent were African Americans. On the side Hispanians, 12.8 of them had diabetes. Asians were 9 percent, and 7.6 percent were Caucasians (CDC, 2014). In general, diabetes has already become as a major epidemic in the world.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
There are numerous characteristics associated with diabetes. For diabetes type 1, notable signs are polyuria, polydipsia or abnormally increased thirst, and polyphagia or abnormal excessive hunger or increased appetite (Silbert-Flagg, Sloand & Millonig, 2011). These symptoms are the also called the Three P’s, and they are the main signs of diabetes type 1. Other signs are bedwetting in children who never had a history of wetting their beds at night, blurred vision, irritability, weight loss, mood swings and fatigue.
Type 2 diabetes has almost similar signs and symptoms to the diabetes type 1. The only difference is that in type 2, these symptoms appear slowly making them almost unnoticeable (Salvo, 2009). Nonetheless, even though diabetes type 2 is the most prevalent, there are sometimes when it shows no symptoms at all. This characteristic complicates the situations making it hard to diagnose. In (Pratley, 2013), the study explains that type 2 diabetes take years to diagnose due to those periods that it shows no symptoms. However, the study clarifies that the asymptomatic nature of type 2 diabetes leaves practitioners with only one option which is to treat it through opportunistic testing. Last is gestational diabetes. For this kind of diabetes, the patient has to undertake prenatal screenings as the only diagnostic procedure (Lavery, Friedman, Keyes, Wright & Ananth, 2016). However, in (Farrar, 2016) since this condition attacks pregnant women, these people develop hyperglycemia caused by placental hormone secretion caused due to insulin resistance.
Screening and Diagnosis
There are various methods of screening patients for diabetes. One of these methods is Glycosylated hemoglobin. This test is commonly known as hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c (Florkowski, 2013). Regarding diabetes screening and diagnosis, this one is the most recommended test to all the practitioners. According to (Higgins, 2012), this test checks for the persisting levels of blood sugar in patients that have diabetes and it evaluates the patient’s chances of complexities.
HbA1c test uses the concept of testing the blood glucose which is readily taken up by red blood cells and then reacts with hemoglobin. According to (Makris & Spanou, 2011) when sugar couples with hemoglobin, they react to form glycated hemoglobin. With this, the term Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) refers to one of the glycated hemoglobin clinical tests analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes through a quantitative analysis called HbA1c or A1c test. The HbA1c analysis provides an index level of glucose integrated over extended periods of time (2–3 months). From this test, the levels of HbA1c obtained in a single specimen presents diagnostic data among diabetic patients (Makris & Spanou,2011). This test shows the level of both past and current glycemic control which practitioners use to estimate the chances of future complications (Florkowski, 2013).
The second screening method is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This one establishes the abnormal level of glucose fasting (Hage, Lundman, Rydén, & Mellbin, 2013). In healthy people, it’s the function of the pancreatic juice to keep a check on the glucose level to keep it within a stable concentration. In this connection, if the insulin action fails, either through lack of secretion or a malfunction, that will lead to a raised level of glucose in the bloodstream. Therefore, such an individual would require a diagnosis aimed at keeping the insulin functioning. The use of the OGTT is to define borderline levels in fasting plasma glucose. However, HbA1c is preferred over OGTT due to its simplicity, accuracy, and no need to fasting.

Action Plan Against Diabetes
It is of paramount that nurses and other medical practitioners to develop an action plan for diabetes. In particular, nurse practitioners should create plans for actions. For this, they may consider taking a primary, secondary, or a tertiary care involvement. When it comes to primary actions, the provider can make a plan like educating the society on primary prevention (Green, Brancati & Albright, 2012). These are methods aimed at preventing the disease entirely. To accomplish this, providers can conduct forums to teach people how to avoid unsafe behaviors that can facilitate the development of diabetes. Some of the precautions are like advocating for balanced diet, minimizing stress and exercises.
Secondary prevention methods are those procedures that aim at discovering the disease at its early stages. This plan of action would be almost similar to that of primary prevention, but this one will focus on enlightening the society on the ways the methods they can use to discover the disease before its signs and symptoms are apparent (Philis-Tsimikas & Gallo, 2014). Notably, the goal is to stop the disease from progressing to severe complications. Therefore, the primary focus of secondary prevention methods would be to work with the patient in monitoring the blood sugar, the diet, and the exercise plan. In addition to all that, the provider would also help the patient with the medical procedures.
Tertiary prevention comes where there are simple signs or even notable deterioration. In this, tertiary plans will be aiming at stopping further deterioration. On top of that, patient engagement will be a necessity in addition to coming up with a care plan. Where a care plan already existed, the provider may consider changing it (Turner & Hurley, 2015). Also, nutritional guidance to the patient would be essential in this state plus exercise program. In this regard, setting up or suggesting a care group is another approach that the provider can take to help the patient adhere to the lifestyle changes. During this phase, there is certainty of medications. On this account, the medication could be either the beginning or a modification of the previous one basing the decision on the lab results and the symptoms.
When thinking of a plan of care, it is necessary to include the patient in the case together with the decision-making process. By involving the patients, it will make them feel more appreciated and included in their plan, and it also helps them to comply with the decision (Turner & Hurley, 2015). The consumer’s outcome is tremendously beneficial when the practitioner includes the consumers in the decision-making session rather than leaving them out.
Community training is another method that Nurse professionals may employ. Conducting training aimed at creating awareness to the society will not only improve the community’s health, but it would also simplify the work of the practitioners. Learned society can take part in assisting the nurses in the disease management and control. Also, it minimizes the costs of medication as and management since even the society can contribute to the education and prevention programs. In this case, it will substantially reduce the enormous cost of diabetes (Philis-Tsimikas & Gallo, 2014).

Conclusion
As a nursing practitioner, it’s one’s role to make sure that consumers get their quality assistance while struggling to overcome diabetes complications. It is also a nurse position to educate the consumers as well as the general public to enlighten them on the current status and risk associated with diabetes. For those consumers with contingency factors for diabetes, it is also advisable that such people should take screening procedures as a way of detecting and preventing diabetes from advancing. It is worth noting that the highest number of population can prevent diabetes by engaging in exercises plans, and the same exercise procedures also work for those who need to prevent diabetes development. Also, it is good to empower the patients so that they can assist in the management of their diabetes conditions. Nurses can also enable the general public in conduction educational forums on diabetes.

References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Diagnosed diabetes percentage/2013. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/calculating-methods-references-county-level-estimates-ranks.pdf
Florida Department of Health (2017). FL health charts: Community health and assessment resource tool set. Retrieved from https://www.flhealthcharts.com/charts/DataViewer/DeathViewer/DeathViewer.aspx?indNumber=0090
American Diabetes Association. (2015). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 39(Supplement 1), S13-S22. https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-s005
Thacker, S.B., Qualters, J.R., Lee, L.M. (2012). Public healthcare surveillance in the United States: Evolution and challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a2.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Chronic disease prevention and health promotion: Statistics and tracking. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/index.html
American Diabetes Association (2014). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
Florkowski, C. (2013). HbA1c as a Diagnostic Test for Diabetes Mellitus – Reviewing the Evidence. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 34(2), 75–83. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799221/
Makris, K., & Spanou, L. (2011). Is There a Relationship between Mean Blood Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin? Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 5(6), 1572–1583. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/193229681100500634
Hage, C., Lundman, P., Rydén, L., & Mellbin, L. (2013). Fasting glucose, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance testing for the detection of glucose abnormalities in patients with acute coronary syndromes. European journal of preventive cardiology, 20(4), 549-554. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2047487312444371
Bagchi, D., & Sreejayan, N. (2012). Nutritional and therapeutic interventions for diabetes and metabolic syndrome (1st ed., p. 513). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
Farrar, D. (2016). Hyperglycemia in pregnancy: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. International Journal Of Women’s Health, Volume 8, 519-527. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s102117
Green, L., Brancati, F., & Albright, A. (2012). Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes: integrative public health and primary care opportunities, challenges and strategies. Family Practice, 29(suppl 1), i13-i23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmr126
Higgins, T. (2012). HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine, 43(2), 266-273. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9768-y
Lavery, J., Friedman, A., Keyes, K., Wright, J., & Ananth, C. (2016). Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal changes in prevalence rates between 1979 and 2010. BJOG: An International Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 124(5), 804-813. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14236
Philis-Tsimikas, A., & Gallo, L. (2014). Implementing Community-Based Diabetes Programs: The Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute Experience. Current Diabetes Reports, 14(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0462-0
Pratley, R. (2013). The Early Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. The American Journal Of Medicine, 126(9), S2-S9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.007
Psychoneuroimmunology. (2011) (4th ed., p. 1000).
Rønningen, K. (2015). Environmental Trigger(s) of Type 1 Diabetes: Why So Difficult to Identify?. Biomed Research International, 2015, 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/321656
Salvo, S. (2009). Mosby’s pathology for massage therapists (p. 208). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier.
Silbert-Flagg, J., Sloand, E., & Millonig, V. (2011). Pediatric nurse practitioner certification review guide (p. 337). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Operations
Turner, H., & Hurley, J. (2015). The History and Practice of College Health (2nd ed., p. 148). Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
Gulati, S., & Misra, A. (2014). Sugar Intake, Obesity, and Diabetes in India. Nutrients, 6(12), 5955–5974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6125955
Watve, M. (2013). Doves, Diplomats, and Diabetes (p. 311). New York, NY: Springer New York.

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