Free Samples
L510 : Public Health Water And Sanitation 1
.cms-body-content table{width:100%!important;} #subhidecontent{ position: relative;
overflow-x: auto;
width: 100%;}
L510 : Public Health Water And Sanitation 1
0 Download15 Pages / 3,554 Words
Course Code: L510
University: University Of Lincoln
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: United Kingdom
Question:
The protection of public health is a powerful rationale for protection of the environment. Discuss the public health case for one of the following actions:
Limiting climate change.
Abolition of nuclear weapons.
Improvement of access to clean water and sanitation.
Answer:
Public Health, Water and Sanitation
Despite massive outlay for the improvement of both sanitation and clean water in the world, access to clean water has remained to be a bigger challenge in the rural and urban areas of the developing countries. The main drivers of public health are water and sanitation. Public health is the advancement and protection of health on a worldwide and local scale. Everywhere throughout the world, public health entities significantly focus on keeping the world healthy, however, their mission is not accomplished because of some illnesses, social, behavioural and environmental factors. Across the globe, health variations have been hard to control and have transformed into serious epidemics throughout the year. The Center for Disease Control characterizes public health as the science of safeguarding and refining families’ health and community through health promotion; research and illness control and additionally prevent injury1. It is along these lines that public health is dependably proven and some level of prediction is seen in specific cases.
There exist a relationship between access to clean water, sanitation and health. Over time, poor hygiene, lack of sanitation as well as inadequate access to quantity and quality clean water have caused million’s of the poorest individual to die from preventable diseases each year. The main victims involved in this menace are women and children. There are numerous ways that water, sanitation, and health are connected. Inadequate water and sanitation represent a major percentage of the disease burden and death in most developing nations.
There are three adverse health outcomes that result from poor access to water and access as well as sanitation. Diarrhoea, paratyphoid fever and typhoid fever are the health risks associated with poor sanitation. This paper discusses improvement of access to both clean sanitation and water. It also seeks to reveal that how improved clean water as well as sanitation access work enhances people’s health when they are considered as drivers of change by health professionals and the community as a whole. The paper further discusses strategies to enhance the effect of sanitation by outlining the public health roles.
Clean Water and Sanitation
Adequate sanitation is fundamental for individuals as well as population health. However, unsafe sanitation is defined by the country’s population percentage that is exposed to health risks which emanate from sanitation and water, characterized by the use of toilets in various households. Concerning sanitation, Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is also an important issue to be discussed. Poor MHM has affected the health and education of most girls in developing countries. For instance, it is approximated that menstrual cleanliness causes around 70 per cent of reproductive infections in India2. It further jeopardizes the chances of girls to acquire education. Sanitation and clean water are vital in the management of menstrual in a hygienic way.
Improvement in sanitation facilities has shown a significant a decrease in water-borne diseases such as typhoid and diarrhea. In this case, an improved sanitation source must meet some particular requirements of hygienically separating human excreta from human contact. As much as the MDGs for clean water were achieved on a worldwide scale in 2010, almost 663 million people in the world still have no access to improved drinking water sources3.
Then again, access to clean water is estimated by the percentage of the population of the country that is exposed to health dangers that emanate from the access of clean water. It is characterized by water source utilized by households as well as treatment at the point of collection. As much as there is deficient national information on clean water in numerous countries, clean water is the best accessible intermediary that is used for checking improved access to clean water. Although the MDGs have planned to decrease the percentage of individuals without access to sustainable water and sanitation, sanitation target have fallen below the mark by half as at 20153, 4.Improvement of access to clean water is one of the achievements of MDGs which have improved health among people. However, by 2012, 90 percent of the population was able to use improved drinking water sources as compared to 76 percent in early 1990s.
Current Situation
Improvement of access to safe drinking water and sanitation is useful for human growth, economy as well as the environment. It is estimated that over 2 billion individuals have limited or no access to sanitation, clean water and hygiene and out of this number 81 per cent of these people, are from rural areas. While 99 per cent of individuals that reside in developed nations can easily access water as well as sanitation, only 53 per cent of such individuals have access to such facilities in developing countries. This has concealed regional inequalities. The systems have failed at addressing the monitoring progress and creating links with the relevant agencies and poor spending. Over the past years, water supply and sanitation provision have rarely kept pace with the rising populations and most of the services have been outpaced by population growth3, 4, and 15. The poor quality of water and insufficient sanitation has numerous impacts on all life aspects.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the increase in population and poverty are the most significant factors behind deteriorating water status5. The extensive poverty has been a limiting factor in the effort to provide safe and sufficient water and decent sanitation services. Around the world, insufficient clean water access as well as poor sanitation sources has influenced reasonable development efforts. The slow progress of water and sanitation has been experienced because of subsidizing sewage as well as water supply to increase access.
Reducing health risks that emanate from poor sanitation and unsafe water is a crucial step in examining the ability of the country to maintain clean and safe water systems. This minimizes human contact with dangerous viruses and bacteria that are found in contaminated water. Notably, contaminated water as well as sanitation is linked with the growth of sicknesses such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera. It is crucial for people to access clean water and sanitation to do away with preventable illnesses across the globe. Therefore, action is required to avail both water and sanitation in the world.
Impacts of Improvement of Access to Clean Water and Sanitation on Health
Over the past years, there have been substantial international efforts that seek to address poor sanitation, unsafe water and several issues that stem from it. With regard to health, poor sanitation as well as inadequate access to clean water is linked to many diseases. The diseases that are linked to poor sanitation and access to clean water particularly correlate with poverty and infancy. In Africa, Latin America and Asia almost half of the population is associated with the disease that originates from poor hygiene, water and sanitation.
Diarrhoeal diseases are the vital indicator of water and sanitation. Diarrhea is also the main cause children death across Sub-Saharan Africa. Most researchers suggest that improvement of access to clean water as well as sanitation can minimize the rate of diarrhoea disease ranging between 32 per cent and 37 per cent3, 4. It is estimated that around 2.2 million deaths from 4 billion diarrhoea cases occur every year. From this number, 1.7 million are children under the age of five and 15 per cent of the under 5 deaths is experienced in the developing world. It is worth noting that diarrhoea accounts for 4.3 percent of the global burden and 88 per cent of this burden are caused by contaminated water, hygiene and poverty4. Eradicating the risks that are associated with contaminated water as well as inadequate sanitation can aid children to have better health as well as improved school attendance6, 14.
Additionally, insufficient sanitation and poor access to quality water limit economic development in many countries. For instance, the illnesses that emanate from unsafe water increases the costs of healthcare7.Therefore, achieving high levels of clean water will reduce health costs globally. According to Hutton and Varughese8, 19, accomplishing widespread water and sanitation provision will only cost 28.4 billion dollars annually that will be incurred in global capital costs. Previously, most nations have cumulatively increased their water and sanitation budgets by considerable amounts although most of the countries find their budget to be inadequate to meet their national targets.
Evidently, adequate clean water is essential for the health of the ecosystem. Water pollution increases toxicity, eutrophication, as well as sanitization, which are dire environmental consequences that pose danger to the natural ecosystems. The introduction of a number of harmful substances in water by human being disrupts aquatic environments5, 20. The large amounts of nutrients cause eutrophication which leads to oxygen depletion and minimizes ecosystem services.
Benefits of Improvement of Clean Water and Sanitation on Health
Benefits associated with the access to clean water as well as sanitation on global health have been profound. However, it is difficult to overstate the benefits. In developing nations, most individuals prioritize access to clean water and sanitation as the most effective way of improving their lives. Besides, decent sanitation and hygiene are some of the ways that can minimize poverty. Access to clean and sanitation saves lives, improves economic growth, keeps children in school and broadens the opportunities women and girls. Firstly, both clean water and sanitation access save lives of individuals who die yearly from diseases that are directly associated with inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene practices and contaminated water. In addition to its impacts on health, a considerable access to clean water as well as sanitation could result in both economic as well as social benefits. The householders do understand the benefits of sanitation as compared to scientists who have started to study people’s motivations for improving sanitation recently.
Concerning social benefits, householders scarcely adopt toilets use for health-related reasons but the main motivating factors to sanitation include privacy desire, desire to be modern and avoiding dangers of the bush22. Household sanitation provision minimizes the risk of attack that can occur when heading to the bush to defecate or public latrines. Furthermore, girls will be less likely to miss school when school sanitation facilities are provided during menstruation9, 13.
The economic benefits that come with sanitation and water include reduced costs in the health system, few days lost at school and work that result from the illness or care of sick relatives. The prevention of water-related as well as sanitation diseases can save a lot of money in the health sector and death can also be averted. According to the Disease Control Priorities Project by Cairncross and Valdmanis10, 21, hygienic promotion is the best health intervention that can prevent diarrhoea followed by sanitation promotion.
The Role of Public Health in the Improvement of Access to Clean Water and Sanitation
In collaboration with other sectors, the public health sector can perform numerous things to ensure that investments in sanitation and water supply result in a significant health impact. To start with, public health promotion, as well as education strategies, is required to change people’s behavior so that they can easily realize improved water supplies benefits. Hill et al argue that programs that encourage hand washing behaviour are attainable and economical especially when they include traditional cleanliness practices and convictions11, 23.
However, there is minimal experience with the interventions that concentrate on faeces disposal behaviour change and in most cases, results appear to be mixed. Recently, new and better approaches to change the behaviour of people have been developed and have presented excellent results. Some of the behaviour change has been conducted through persuading the private sector to pass health information by publicizing soap and its appropriate use to avert diarrhoea. Besides, the public health can also introduce health programs in schools that offer an entry point for improved sanitation, water supply facilities as well as promoting community hygiene16. By introducing such programs, schools will reinforce health and hygienic messages hence transformed into action. To ensure that monitoring is carried out, the public health sector should work with responsible agencies to facilitate water quality and sanitation monitoring. Water, hygiene and sanitation interventions ought to be advocated so that they can be included in poverty reduction plans and strategies.
It is well known that the general public, as well as politicians, listen to doctors and this can enable health professionals to speak out essential health issues such as sanitation and water quality17, 21. However, this has not happened in history. Although the health community has put a greater amount of human and financial resources on low health interventions, it is unfortunate that they have not realized that hygienic and sanitation promotions are among the best available interventions in developed countries. In addition to working with various agencies in monitoring the quality of water, the health professionals ought to apply surveillance skills to form clear links between water and sanitation planning.
Challenges That Affect Improvement of Access to Clean Water and Sanitation
There are numerous challenges that are associated with access to decent sanitation and safe water. The need of evaluation of the demand of water and sanitation services is one of the challenges that hinder access to water and sanitation. Individuals need to be made aware of the demand of water and sanitation services. Putting this challenge into consideration will spur the demand of consumers and as well provide effective market-based approaches.
Another challenge that hinders improved access to clean water and sanitation is accountability. Water and sanitation project should be monitored and evaluated from inception, implementation and follow up. For success in water and sanitation projects, there is need to reflect both the actual use and promote accountability to maintain the services in operation. The monitoring and evaluation results should be taken to the decision makers so that they can make appropriate decision on water and sanitation.
There is insufficient research to identify approaches that are sustainable environmentally, technically and financially. Technical sustainability involves breakage of pumps and equipments without repair. The problem often occurs on the scale of service from a pump at a wastewater treatment plant or borehole. On the other hand, financial sustainability results when the local capacity is not able recover water and sanitation system costs of operation and maintenance without depending on donors. It is of significance for these services to be valued because they protect the scarce natural resources. Environmental sustainability in this case involves putting into consideration the available water resource and how it can be developed for industrial, agricultural and drinking. In most developing countries, most cities and town have sewerage system but lack sewerage treatment plants which may affect the aquatic environment when the wastewater is directly discharged into water. Human capacity should be built in most countries to provide labour in construction, managing, operating and maintaining water and sanitation systems.
Strategies to Achieve Improvement of Access to Clean Water and Sanitation
It is unfortunate that water quality and sanitation topics are complex in relations to health, economic and social development. It has affected many people but few of them champion for it. Political leadership is one major strategy that could achieve success in clean water and sanitation. This is because the position is manifested by the formation of clear institutional responsibility as well as the budget that is in line with access to clean water and sanitation18. The political leadership ensures that the public sector working in water resources, utility services and health, work together in harmony.
Secondly, the health sector should be fully involved in sanitation and water quality. In most cases, the health sector has a great inspiration for enhancing access to sanitation and clean water. This was evident in the 1978 Declaration of Alma Ata which focused on the primary health care importance12. Sufficient provision of sanitation and safe water was one of the main elements that were noted. Since the declaration, many years have passed but sanitation has increased greatly. It is of paramount importance that the health sector reasserts its commitment and leadership to aid everybody prospers in a world that has access to clean water and adequate sanitation.
Finally, the services of sanitation and water provision should shift from centralised supply into decentralized supply24. Adopting this kind of strategy will change water supply and sanitation from a minor service provider to a noteworthy area of economic activity that will address accessibility since it allows individuals to introduce whatever sanitation and water systems they can afford.
Conclusion:
Improvement of access to clean water is significant in eradicating preventable diseases. Improving access to clean water as well as decent sanitation has numerous recommendable benefits. To begin with, sanitation and access to clean water save lives from diseases that are associated with contaminated water. Secondly, it minimizes costs that are incurred as a result of health care and days lost at work and school. There is an urgent need to foster sanitation and water access services in the world. Specifically, improvements of access to safe water as well as sufficient sanitation services should be made in numerous places. Also, countries ought to remain committed to provide sustainable sanitation and clean water. Besides, effective policies should be established and implemented to reflect sustainable investment in clean drinking water and sanitation services. On the other hand, regional disparity issue in the access of water and sanitation should be addressed to reduce the gap that exists between developed as well as developing countries.
In promoting sanitation and clean water practices, the public health sector should plan as well as involve community members in the planning process. The public health sector should maximize the impact of sanitation promotion and education through participatory techniques. The public sector should also incorporate various programs that can change hygienic practices in health, water and sanitation projects. To achieve the health benefits, sanitation and hygienic components should be included. The health sector should not only provide water pipes and latrines but also provide community training on the sustenance of these services. More so, strategies should be put in place to achieve clean water and sanitation. One of the strategies that need to be involved is political leadership. Political leadership will ensure that the public sector working in water resources work together. Water supply should also shift from a centralized system to a decentralized system to ease accessibility.
References:
Centers for Disease Control, Prevention (US). Epidemiology Program Office. MMWR.: Recommendations and Reports. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Epidemiology Program Office; 1998
Venema V. The Indian sanitary pad revolutionary. BBC News. 2014 Sep.
World Health Organization. Diarrheal disease: Fact sheet; 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018 from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/
United Nations Children’s Fund. The Ripple Effect: Climate change and children’s access to water and sanitation; 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2018 from https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Climate_change_WASH_Brief.pdf
United Nations. Regional focus: Africa | International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015; 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2018, from https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml
Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization; 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2018 from https://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596435_eng.pdf
Cooley H, Ajami N, Ha ML, Srinivasan V, Morrison J, Donnelly K, Christian-Smith J. Global water governance in the 21st century. Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA. 2013 Jul.
Hutton G, Varughese M. The costs of meeting the 2030 sustainable development goal targets on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene. The World Bank; 2016 Jan 14.
Mahon T, Fernandes M. Menstrual hygiene in South Asia: a neglected issue for WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) programmes. Gender & Development. 2010 Mar 1;18(1):99-113
Cairncross S, Valdmanis V. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion (Chapter 41).
Hill Z, Kirkwood BR, Edmond K, World Health Organization. Family and community practices that promote child survival, growth and development: a review of the evidence.
Mara D, Lane J, Scott B, Trouba D. Sanitation and health. PLoS medicine. 2010 Nov 16;7(11):e1000363
Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight. Lancet. 2008;371:1045.
Waterkeyn J, Cairncross S. Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe. Social science & medicine. 2005 Nov 1;61(9):1958-70.
Hutton G, Larsen B, Leebouapao L, Voladet S. Economic impacts of sanitation in Lao PDR. Jakarta: World Bank. 2009.
Robinson A. Total Sanitation: reaching the parts that other approaches can’t reach?. Waterlines. 2006 Oct 1;25(2):8-10.
Bibby S, Knapp A. From burden to communal responsibility: a sanitation success story from Southern Region in Ethiopia.
Terefe B, Welle K. Policy and institutional factors affecting formulation and implementation of sanitation and hygiene strategy. A case study from the Southern Nations Region (‘SNNPR’) of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: RiPPLE. 2008 Mar;42.
Melo JC. The experience of condominial water and sewerage systems in Brazil. Case studies from Bras?lia, Salvador and Parauapebas. Lima: Water and Sanitation Program Latin America. 2005.
Salter D. Identifying constraints to increasing sanitation coverage: sanitation demand and supply in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Water and Sanitation Program. 2008;24.
Jenkins MW, Scott B. Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana. Social science & medicine. 2007 Jun 1;64(12):2427-42.
Bartram J, Cairncross S. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLoS medicine. 2010 Nov 9;7(11):e1000367.
Sachs JD. From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet. 2012 Jun 9;379(9832):2206-11.
Tussupova K, Berndtsson R, Bramryd T, Beisenova R. Investigating willingness to pay to improve water supply services: application of contingent valuation method. Water. 2015 Jun 19;7(6):3024-39.
Free Membership to World’s Largest Sample Bank
To View this & another 50000+ free samples. Please put
your valid email id.
Yes, alert me for offers and important updates
Submit
Download Sample Now
Earn back the money you have spent on the downloaded sample by uploading a unique assignment/study material/research material you have. After we assess the authenticity of the uploaded content, you will get 100% money back in your wallet within 7 days.
UploadUnique Document
DocumentUnder Evaluation
Get Moneyinto Your Wallet
Total 15 pages
PAY 9 USD TO DOWNLOAD
*The content must not be available online or in our existing Database to qualify as
unique.
Cite This Work
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:
APA
MLA
Harvard
OSCOLA
Vancouver
My Assignment Help. (2020). Public Health Water And Sanitation 1. Retrieved from https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/l510-public-health-water-and-sanitation-1/advancement-and-protection-of-health.html.
“Public Health Water And Sanitation 1.” My Assignment Help, 2020, https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/l510-public-health-water-and-sanitation-1/advancement-and-protection-of-health.html.
My Assignment Help (2020) Public Health Water And Sanitation 1 [Online]. Available from: https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/l510-public-health-water-and-sanitation-1/advancement-and-protection-of-health.html[Accessed 18 December 2021].
My Assignment Help. ‘Public Health Water And Sanitation 1’ (My Assignment Help, 2020)
My Assignment Help. Public Health Water And Sanitation 1 [Internet]. My Assignment Help. 2020 [cited 18 December 2021]. Available from: https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/l510-public-health-water-and-sanitation-1/advancement-and-protection-of-health.html.
×
.close{position: absolute;right: 5px;z-index: 999;opacity: 1;color: #ff8b00;}
×
Thank you for your interest
The respective sample has been mail to your register email id
×
CONGRATS!
$20 Credited
successfully in your wallet.
* $5 to be used on order value more than $50. Valid for
only 1
month.
Account created successfully!
We have sent login details on your registered email.
User:
Password:
With time, MyAssignmenthelp.com has become one of the best college essay writing services. Our all rounded services give students the confidence to overcome assignment related issues. Our services are fast enough to meet most urgent deadlines. We are capable of delivering fast essay writing services with the help of our specially designed provisions and writers’ teams. Our urgent essay help services guarantee most rapid delivery of assignment solutions. Some of our most popular essay services are application essay help, exploratory essay help, literary review essay help and argumentative essay help.
Latest Healthcare Samples
div#loaddata .card img {max-width: 100%;
}
5N1794 Safety And Health At Work
Download :
0 | Pages :
13
Course Code: 5N1794
University: University College Cork
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: Ireland
Answer:
Assignment 1
Answer to question 1
I have conducted a survey at my workplace maned Lady’s Hospice and Care Services to observe the working environment. The aim of the survey is to find if it is a safe, healthy, secured and fulfilling place to work. A visual survey was conducted to locate and record the safety signs in the workplace. The objective of the survey is to observe and list different types of signs, location, their prom…
Read
More
Tags:
Australia Maple Ridge Management Introduction to film studies University of New South Wales Masters in Business Administration
400837 Health And Socio Political Issues In Aged Care
Download :
0 | Pages :
14
Course Code: 400837
University: Western Sydney University
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: Australia
Answers:
Introduction
Palliative care services are designed to improve the life of patient with progressive disease. People receiving palliative care have illness that has no prospect of cure. As per the World Health Organisation, palliative care is a care given to patient suffering from life threatening illness to improve their quality of life by preventing and providing relief from sufferings by early recognition , assessment and trea…
Read
More
Tags:
Australia Minchinbury Management University of New South Wales
PUBH6304 Global Health
Download :
0 | Pages :
8
Course Code: PUBH6304
University: The University Of Newcastle
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: Australia
Answers:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is the spectrum of medical conditions caused due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) following which the patient suffers from a series medical complications due to suppression of the immune system of the body. With the progression of the disease, the patient is likely to suffer from a wide range of infections like tuberculosis and other opportu…
Read
More
Tags:
United States Newark Management University of New York Masters in Business Administration
CON 321 Health Related Research
Download :
0 | Pages :
3
Course Code: CON321
University: University Of Southern Maine
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: United States
Answer:
Introduction
Leadership in the hospital is the ability to influence the staff toward providing quality health care. Leadership involves influencing human behavior to create a positive working environment (Langlois, 2012). Good leadership enables healthy relationships among staffs in the hospital enhancing quality delivery of health care services. Leadership is responsible to building teams that have trust, respect, support and effecti…
Read
More
BL9412 Public Health
Download :
0 | Pages :
35
Course Code: BL9412
University: University Of The West Of England
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: United Kingdom
Answer:
Introduction
According to the researchers, it can be said that the management of the health care organizations has become a difficult task nowadays and the reason behind this is the occurrence of various issues in this sector (Hall et al., 2014). Therefore, the administrative employees of the organization should incorporate various revolutionized strategies for enriching the worth of care provided by the hospital to its clients and re…
Read
More
Tags:
Australia Ryde Management Information system strategy University of New South Wales (UNSW) Masters in Business Administration
Next