Mental Health Issues At Different Stages

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Mental Health Issues At Different Stages

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Mental Health Issues At Different Stages

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Questions:

1.Describe the Presentation of Mental Health Issues at Different Stages of the Lifespan.
2.Describe the Impact Of Mental Health & Addiction Issues On Human Development.

Answers:

Introduction:
The understandings of the development of our mental health procedures across the lifespan of the human being are largely dependent on the knowledge of mental healthcare and the development of the mental disorders. The unfortunate part is that the individuals are not aware of the several etiology of the mental illness. However, the several mental health programs that are coordinated all over the globe are beneficial for awaking the people about the several mental problems throughout their lives. The report gives an understanding of presentation of mental illness in different stages of human life discussed the ultimate impact of natural support of affected person. It also gives understanding regarding the impact of mental issue on human development.
1.Presentation of mental health issues at different stages of life span
Infancy (0-4 years)
The experiences in the years of childhood are main pillars that lay the foundations of the health care of the individual in their future years. Signs and symptoms of mental health problems can be evident very early in life, although, before the ages of 3 or 4 years, risk factors for mental health problems and mental disorders, rather than actual manifestations of disorder, are more likely to be evident. Mental illness in young children are very rare. Two very rare mental disorder in children includes feeding disorder and autism. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder, which results in social, communication and behavioral challenges. The early signs of autism in infants may include delay in basic areas of development such as talking, playing and interacting. Common issues in infants include difficulty in verbal and non-verbal communication, relating to the world and thinking (Jones et al, 2014). On the other hand, Feeding disorder results in poor development and independent functioning. The impact of this condition is directly felt on parents when their child cannot grow and develop normally resulting in great stress for them (Fisher et al., 2014).
Child (4-12 years)
Presentation of mental health issue in childhood has been a growing concern as it threatens mental health during adolescence and adulthood too. Around 20% of children and adolescents are affected by mental health disorders. Half of the mental disorder initiates before the age of 13 years. In childhood, mental health issues initiates with anxiety before proceeding to adolescent depression (Child and adolescent mental health, 2017). The most common disorder seen at this stage of human life includes anxiety disorder, mood disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder. Children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to day dream and pay less attention to class activities and other task. Their work is very disorganized and they face extreme difficulty in staying focussed. They struggle to control compulsive behavior (Barkley, 2013). According to the CDC report, about 11 of children between 4-17 years have been diagnosed with ADHD in 2011 (ADHD Estimates Rise, 2017). Another common problem seen in this group includes mood disorder
About 3% of children are affected by depression and the occurrence of this condition increases in children who are exposed to family and contextual risk factors. Family risk factor might include parental depression and family stressors like poverty, homelessness, marital conflict and loss of job in parents. Children affected by mood disorder have poor concentration, decreased engagement in activities, poor social relationship and irritability (Mash & Barkley, 2014).

Many aspects of a person’s life is affected by ADHD. The most significant impact is seen in educational attainment of children. School based problems like poor academic performance becomes common in children as various impairment associated with the disease results in limited reading, writing and comprehension skill in children. Children with ADHD are prone to hyperactivity, aggression and impulsivity which less severe at the age of 4-12 years, however when they reach adulthoods, they experience continued functional impairment and develop significant problems. Poor and restricted participation is also seen in people affected by ADHD (Seblany et al., 2014). On the other hand, the impact of the illness is also seen on families when they have to bear with behavioral and developmental disturbances in their children. Family functioning and family dynamic is affected and the financial burden of families increases due to the cost involved in treatment. Siblings are also affected as they feel victimized by episodes of physical violence and aggression in home (Schei et al., 2016). Hence, increase in stressful situation within family environment due to ADHD results in high risk of physical and mental health issues both in adults and children. Similarly, difficulty is also faced by family members whose children are affected by mood disorder.
Adolescent (13-18 years)
Psychosocial disorder has become common in young people between the age of 13-18 years. All the incidence of adult-type mental disorder like psychosis and mood and anxiety disorder mostly originate by 18 years. Depression, anxiety and behavioral disorder, substance abuse is most prevalent in adolescence in New Zealand. The twelve months prevalence of any disorder was maximum in age group of 16-24 years and it gradually decreased while processing through the age of 25-44, 45-64 and 65 and above years (Depression in young people, 2017). The presence of both anxiety and depression results in comorbidities like substance abuse disorder. This habit is mainly developed in adolescents due to the quest for experimentation with the drugs. This practice is often associated with multiple substance abuse. For example, two-third of children who uses Marijuana in childhood were also found to be alcohol dependent in New Zealand.
The ultimate impact of anxiety and depression is that it results in impaired functioning, emotional distress, poor health and risk of suicide in young children. For this reason, one-fifth of total suicides cases in New Zealand is seen between age group of 15-24 years. Even when they get treatment for disorder, the risk of recurrence in adulthood is high (Depression in young people, 2017). Many factors might be contributing to depression in children such physical, genetic or environmental factor. Common risk factor for depression includes bullying experience in school, loss of loved ones, low self-esteem, chronic illness, physical abuse or childhood trauma (Cummings, Caporino, & Kendall, 2014).
On personal level, depression experiences contributes to the development of depression and behavioral disorder in children. The long term impact of this is feelings of low self-esteem, self-harming behavior, poor academic performance, challenges in family and social relationship and substance abuse in affected person. At young stage, engagement in risky behavior is seen and in adulthood, this translates to low income level high divorce rate and suicide in people (Verboom et al., 2014). The issue of mental illness in young children has dramatic impact on family members and friends too as they feel helpless because of the inability to control their child’s behavior. The main concern is related to how they will cope with peers, schoolwork and other competitions in life. In case of children with self-harming behavior, natural support group mostly have the fear that their children might end their lives (Ray et al., 2017).
Adult (19-64 years)
Schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder are the two mental illness found in adults. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder associated with impaired thinking process and emotional responsiveness. People with schizophrenia are mostly found to have symptoms of delusions, hallucination and irrational thought pattern. The condition is treated mostly with antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies. Although, this mental disorder is not very common among adults, however it can develop into a serious and chronic mental illness. New cases of schizophrenia mostly appear in early adulthood and very rarely seen in children and older adults. The peak age of vulnerability includes age group of 16-25 years (WHO | Schizophrenia, 2017). On the other hand, Post traumatic stress disorder in adults results in emotional and sleeping difficulties, anger, irritation and depression when they witness traumatic events in life. People struggles with recurrent and distressing memories, which affect their health and well-being (Morina et al., 2014).

Diagnosis of schizophrenia significantly affects quality of life of affected person. Adults with the condition mostly lack desire to engage in social relationship. They have blunted feelings and emotion with no desire to accomplish any goal in life. All these factors lead to difficulty in holding jobs, performing daily life activities and forming good social relationship. In case of families whose members are affected by schizophrenia, it creates many distressing and disruptive situations on a daily basis (Kuipers et al., 2014). Family members struggle in coping with the symptoms of dementia in their loved ones. The impact on family is also exacerbated when people deny their illness and do seek appropriate medical attention. This recognition of illness among family members is important because unless they do so, they cannot comply with medication. The long-term impact of untreated dementia is seen in the form of unemployment, drug abuse, physical health deterioration, homelessness and violence among people (The Effect on Families – Schizophrenia Research Institute, 2017). As posttraumatic stress disorder is also associated with self-destructive behavior, exaggerated response and problem in concentration, distressing situation is created for family member and affected person faced difficulty in acquiring jobs and sustaining relationship (Morina et al., 2014).
Older person (65 years plus)
Dementia and depression are common among elderly people above 65 years of age. Dementia is a mental disorder resulting in impaired memory, thinking and behavior. About 47.5 million people are living with dementia worldwide. On the other hand, depression is common among elderly people, which impairs their daily functioning in life. There might be many reasons for depression such as frailty due to ageing, lack of family attention, social isolation and little work life responsibilities (Mental health and older adults, 2017). Therefore, the perception of poor health and poor functioning increases in older adults.
Dementia and depression are chronic conditions that have many social and economic implications for family members. Physical, emotional and economic pressures of families are increased and they experience great distress. Physical and psychological health of family members are also affected by personal support networks of elderly people with dementia and depression (Kasper et al., 2015).
2.Impact of mental health and addiction issues on human development:
Tangata whaiora is the term used for consumers in New Zealand who seek mental health services. The two tangata whaiora selected for this paper are (Gleeson et al., 2007):

Pete, 17 year old Maaori male, suffering from alcohol addiction problem. His referral was activated after withdrawing from alcohol. He has history of parental separation and had to support his father with his ongoing drug and alcohol dependence. He has little support from his family. He has poor physical health and academic achievement.
Aroha, 21 year old Maaori female, diagnosed with psychosis. She has past history of drug abuse and was arrested several times for selling illicit substance. She also has family history of mental illness.

Impact on Pete
Pete undergoes frequent mood swings and impaired judgment- Heavy drinking in adolescence have deleterious effect on neurocognition. It decreases attention, executive functioning and speed of information processing. Pete is adolescent, this stage is the transition between the childhood and adulthood. This stage is represented by significant changes in hormones and formation of new networks in brain (Jacobus & Tapert, 2013). According to Herrenkohl et al (2013) alcohol dependent adolescents when compared to the healthy control have less (10%) verbal and nonverbal information. The former have poor academic achievement due to reduced attention. They therefore lack language competence. The same was the case of Pete. Adolescents show abnormalities in brain response on cognitive tasks which measures spatial working memory. In addition, he failed to utilize broad range of learning and knowledge. This may related to the poor academic achievement. As per Palmer et al. (2013), people aged between 18-25 years with heavy drinking habits have decreased prefrontal and parietal regions. In addition, alcohol addiction also leads to decrease or poorer white matter integrity. White matter integrity is important for efficient transfer of information in brain. These differences in functional brain activity in people adolescents with alcohol addiction may be associated with metabolic changes to some extent (Gautam et al. 2014). According to the study executed by Squeglia et al. (2014) learning impairment in adolescents due to alcohol have greater difficulty remembering the geometrical designs. It is also the common alcohol withdrawal symptoms and is indicative of heavy drinking pattern. Frequent mood swings in alcohol addiction adolescents are associated with emotional problem. Anxiety and depression are masked by alcohol abuse is contributor of psychological distress that effects education and concentration (Jacobus & Tapert, 2013).Pete has poor physical health and social isolation- At the time of referral, he was physically weak with disheveled appearance. He had increased sleep and preferred staying at home. His responses were delayed to verbal prompts. He had disorganized thoughts and actions. His physical weakness kept him away from participating in sports and socialization. According to Best et al. (2016) social isolation is common in most cases of binge drinking among adolescents. The common reason for this behavior is lack of energy, history of child abuse and parental separation. Due to lack of energy an adolescent may fail to compete in sportive events or physical; activity such as exercise. Hence, these adolescents do not strengthen muscles of bones. The lack of competitive spirit and zeal to win is significantly low. It is due to social isolation and low self-esteem and confidence (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). As per the literature, the impact on physical health in case of Pete may also be due to similar reasons.

Pete too had parental separation and it was difficult for him to cope with his studies supporting his father. He was not in good terms with his step-father and other new relations in his family. These experiences kept him stressed and lonely in his childhood. These experiences led to limited friends as he mostly stayed at home. Therefore, he gained little success at schools. At home, he had limited supported from his grandparents. His mom stayed outdoors due to busy working schedule. This led to overall tension and disconnection with his family members. Therefore, he had paid little attention to his personal hygiene, food and nutrition. It may be the cause of his poor physical development (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). At the time of referral he was most restricted to his bedroom.
He does not appear to connect with his culture and life sustaining principle of Maori. It was also found in the case of Pete that had limited life principles and ethos. According to Jacobus & Tapert (2013)) adolescents with early onset of alcohol drinking have poor being and sense of self that make them less interested about their physical appearances. It may be related to the poor physical appearance of Pete at the time of referral. Poor hygiene is the other major cause of frequent illness, which is also evident from the case history of Pete. Inadequate sleeping leads to stress and low energy level which further increases the risk of the social problems. It may include risky sex, sexual assault and risk of sexually transmitted disease (Herrenkohl et al., 2013).
Impact on Aroha
Aroha suffers from hallucinations- she experiences somatic delusions such as having a broken ankles or stomach upsets. However, her medical history and X ray reports of no such abnormality. Her problem of hallucinations prevents her from functioning effectively in activities of daily living. She experiences auditory hallucinations which keeps her mainly restricted to her home. She exhibits suicidality and self-harm behavior. According to her parents, she was previously found attempting to hang herself and cut her wrist. According to Volkow et al. (2016), adults with drug addiction and psychosis experience paranoid thoughts and frequent admissions to hospital. It is the devastating effect of drug abuse that cause alterations in function neurotransmitter. Drugs have rewarding function due to release of neurotransmitters in brain such as dopamine, which gives immense pleasure. Consequently, it hampers the intellectual development and the ability of an individual to feel satisfied from life (Kwan et al., 2014). It can be related to the attempts of suicide in case of Aroha and it is evident from the case study that she lacks interest in her life. Therefore, Aroha does not pursue any activities that are normal at her age. She rarely takes household responsibility or that of her academics. Her hallucinations prevent her from being in present state of mind.

Aroha lacks goal directed behavior- Adults of this age engage in rational thinking, social interactions and are goal directed. In case of Aroha she seems to have lost contact with reality therefore, she does not have normal human development at this age. According to Muench et al. (2014) drug abuse and psychosis is commonly associated with alterations in perceptions and difficult concentrating. It can be related to the lack of determination and goal directed behavior of Aroha. It is due to difficult concentration, feeling of suspicion, obsessive thinking and distorted perception that makes it difficult for such individual stay determined or focused (Brust, 2014). They thus lose huge opportunities and end up having failure in life. In case of Aroha, she has no career planning or professional role to play. She has transient living and cultural disconnection unlike her friends who have fulfilled life and are career oriented. Therefore, she has developed poor relationships with her family members and also her friends. Her loneliness has made her vulnerable to illicit drug use in addition to her family history of mental illnesses.
Conclusion
The paper has presented the mental health issues at different stages of life span. Followed this a description of the impact of the mental health issues on the tangata whaiora and their natural support at each of the life span is clearly provided. The paper has clearly described the impact of mental health and addiction issues on human development. A total of four impact were presented for two tangata whai ora. It can be concluded that early detection and treatment is necessary for people at any age to overcome their mental health issues. When compared to young adults the teenagers cannot be expected to understand the full range of consequences of their choice related to addictions due to different stages of brain development. However, in both cases the support services must include the family members for faster and full recovery and retain normal human development in other stages of lifespan.

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